Nazi Germany and some of its Axis allies invaded Russia (including through Russian-occupied Poland). The Axis forces had a combined total of 3.8 million personnel. Operation Barbarossa is the ...

Gross, Neighbours: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton, 2001). Christian Hartmann, Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany’s War in the East, 1941-1945 (Oxford, 2013).

Despite agreeing to a nonaggression pact in 1939, Hitler eventually pulled the old switcheroo on the USSR, and in 1941 launched an invasion known as Operation Barbarossa. But Hitler under ...